In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran CITY. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in SHIRAZ. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and SHIRAZ's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in SHIRAZ has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to SHIRAZ.

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a CITY has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of SHIRAZ. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of SHIRAZ. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

Ants are a major part of the ecosystem as they assist in the decomposition process and improve soil quality. In this study the species richness and biodiversity of these arthropods was assessed in the habitats with varying degrees of human impact in SHIRAZ, Fars Province, southern Iran. To this end, six habitats including three CITY parks with the least amount of human destruction (Be’sat, Janat, Babakoohi), two habitats with high amount of manipulation in order to agriculture and urbanization (a field and a destroyed garden) and a natural park without any human manipulation as control, were chosen and sampled bimonthly during 2015 and 2106. A total of 6270 ant workers belonging to 30 species, 12 genera, and three subfamilies were recorded. The most abundant subfamily was Formicinae (16 species) followed by Myrmicinae (12 species), and Dolichoderinae (two species). The biodiversity indices showed a greater diversity in both natural park and urban landscape: Be’sat and Janat parks, with the lowest amount of human effects, respectively as well as Babakoohi and the lowest in the field and destroyed garden. Although a significant difference was observed with the habitats (F= 4.255, P=0.004) and the months (F= 4.327, P=0.002) of sampling, there was not a significant difference between Babakoohi, natural park, Janat and Be’sat parks (P>0.05) nor between field and destroyed garden (P>0.05).

زمینه و هدف: نفرکتومی آخرین مرحله در درمان بیماری های کلیوی است و علت های مختلفی دارد. برداشتن کلیه ضربه ای شدید برای سلامتی بیمار است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی علل نفرکتومی در سال 1397 در شهر شیراز است. مواد و روش ها: 78 پرونده مربوط به نفرکتومی، در سال 1397، در مرکز درمانی نمازی شیراز بررسی شد. پرونده ها از بایگانی خارج و مشخصات مدنظر داخل پرسشنامه طراحی شده توسط پژوهشگر نوشته و اطلاعات مربوط به بیماران با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 16 ارزیابی شد. یافته ها: میانگین سن بیماران 12/46± 46/29 بود. 53/85 درصد بیماران بررسی شده مرد و 69/23 درصد متأهل بودند. بیش از نیمی از موارد مربوط به کلیه چپ (52/56 درصد) بود. روش عمل نفرکتومی به ترتیب: ساده (41/03 درصد)، رادیکال (26/92 درصد) و پارشیال (23/08 درصد). علل نفرکتومی در بیماران به ترتیب: پیلونفریت مزمن (33/33 درصد)، تومورهای کلیوی (28/21 درصد)، همونفروز (19/23 درصد) و موارد متفرقه با شیوع کم (19/23 درصد) بود. . نتیجه گیری: پیلونفریت مزمن شایع ترین علتی است که به نفرکتومی منجر می شود. مهم ترین عوامل ایجاد کننده نفرکتومی، در بیماری کلیوی، عفونت هاست. بنابراین با تشخیص و درمان به موقع عفونت های کلیوی می توان از تخریب و از کار افتادن کلیه ها جلوگیری کرد و با کنترل عفونت های کلیوی می توان موارد نفرکتومی را کاهش داد.

A B S T R A C T Green CITY is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green CITY is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green CITY. In this study, 14 indicators of electriCITY consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad CITY areas in terms of green CITY indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green CITY characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green CITY Extended Abstract Introduction Green CITY is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green CITY index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the CITY has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green CITY, is determined. Analysis of the green CITY index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green CITY, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green CITY.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green CITY features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

توسعه گردشگری، به ویژه در کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته، عامل موثری در مقابله با فقر است و سبب افزایش درآمد قشرهای مختلف، کاهش بیکاری و رونق اقتصادی و در نتیجه بهبود کیفیت زندگی مردم و افزایش رفاه اجتماعی می شود. گردشگری بزرگ ترین مولد اشتغال و ثروت در جهان و موتور اقتصادی برای ملل توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه است. حرفه گردشگری 11 درصد از تولید ناخالص داخلی جهان را تشکیل می دهد، بیش از 200 میلیون شغل را در سراسر جهان پشتیبانی می کند که 8 درصد کل اشتغال را شامل می شود. از این رو شهر شیراز، با توجه به داشتن توان های خاص برای توسعه گردشگری، از جمله در زمینه های، اکو توریستی، تاریخی و فرهنگی می تواند نقش مهمی در زمینه های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، با توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی خود، ایفا نماید. بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش، برنامه ریزی گردشگری شهر شیراز با تاکید بر فناوری اطلاعات است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش ترکیبی از روش های توصیفی - تحلیلی است. آزمون های فرضیات تحقیق با استفاده از آزمون پیرسون، تحلیل رگرسیون خطی ساده، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه (Anova)، تحلیل میانگین دو جامعه (t-test) و کای اسکوئر صورت گرفته است. به علاوه، برای تحلیل نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت ها و تهدیدات و ارائه راهبردهای توسعه گردشگری، از مدل استراتژیک Swot بهره گرفته شده است. تجزیه و تحلیل های آماری با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و EXEL و ترسیم نقشه ها از طریق نرم افزار Arc GIS انجام شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که دسترسی به امکانات ICT در مکان های گردشگری در میزان رضایت از جاذبه ها و در معرفی جاذبه های گردشگری شهر شیراز نقش داشته و فناوری اطلاعات در جذب گردشگر و نحوه اقامت آن تاثیر دارد. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل Swot نشان می دهد که در مجموع تعداد 24 نقطه قوت و فرصت به عنوان نقاط مثبت و 29 ضعف و تهدید به عنوان محدودیت ها و تنگناهای پیش روی توسعه فناوری اطلاعات در گردشگری شهر شیراز قابل شناسایی و بررسی است، لذا می توان گفت که محدوده مورد مطالعه دارای نقاط ضعف و آسیب پذیری بالایی است که برای رفع آن ها نیاز به یک برنامه ریزی جامع، منطقی و مبتنی بر نقاط قوت و فرصت ها است.